MADELINE G. EPPLEY
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Field Stories: Coastal Resiliency in Georgia

8/26/2024

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On a recent trip to Georgia, I found myself unexpectedly (and directly!) in the path of Tropical Storm Debby. The rainfall, flooding, and wind prevented me from visiting Sapelo Island, but I was still able to participate in a week long workshop about science communication and bioinformatics in Savannah with some fellow marine scientists.  
While we experienced substantial rainfall in Savannah for several days, there was less flooding than initially forecasted. Given the circumstances, I was curious about the factors of coastal resiliency in Georgia that may have contributed to reducing the impact of flooding during Debby.

​Having collected wild oysters from Georgia for my dissertation, I knew that there are expansive natural oyster reef structures along the coastlines in the greater Savannah area. Specifically, I know that native oyster reefs play a role in shielding the coast from storm surge and erosion. 
​
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Tropical Storm Debby was forecasted to bring close to 30 inches of rain to Savannah, GA, a record rainfall. Image credit: NOAA & Savannah Morning News
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Some wild local oysters near Savannah, GA. Some oyster reefs occur deeper in the water column (subtidally) where they are fully covered by water. This reef is intertidal, where the oysters are exposed to air during low tides.
With a growing number of people living in coastal areas along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the US, it's imperative to better understand coastal mitigation strategies in the face of rapidly intensifying storms and climate change events. Natural oyster reefs are ecosystem engineers that provide a physical barrier which mitigates storm surges and prevents successive erosion (Chowdhury et al 2021). Beyond physical factors, filter-feeding oysters clear bacteria that enters the water through storm drainage and runoff. Oyster reefs also provide valuable structural habitat for many marine species. This habitat is the foundation for biodiverse ecosystems and healthy fisheries that remain resilient to extreme climatic events (Chowdhury et al 2021). ​
​To investigate additional factors of coastal resilience in Georgia, I visited Tybee Island, just east of Savannah, with other workshop attendees. While there, we were inundated with heavy rain and wind, but we were able to identify several features of the landscape that, in part, play a role in buffering the coastline from storms. 

​I teamed up with scientists Damián Santiago-Sosa, Paul Okrah, Darrian Talamantes, and Mai Fahmy, who shared their expertise on resilient coastal ecosystems and how marine scientists study these coastlines in the video that we created!

Check out our video on features of resilient coastlines such as sand dunes, bacteria, and biodiversity! These resilient features are similar among many coastlines in different marine environments, so next time you're on the coast, see how many of these features you can identify.
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We encountered strong winds & rain on Tybee Island from Tropical Storm Debby!
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Coastal scientists Paul Okrah and Damián Santiago-Sosa on Tybee Island with me!
Citations
1. Chowdhury, Mohammed Shah Nawaz, Megan La Peyre, Loren D. Coen, Rebecca L. Morris, Mark W. Luckenbach, Tom Ysebaert, Brenda Walles, and Aad C. Smaal. "Ecological engineering with oysters enhances coastal resilience efforts." Ecological Engineering 169 (2021): 106320​
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Ancient DNA Analysis at the AMNH

3/11/2024

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I'm spending the week at the American Museum of Natural History to participate in a week-long workshop learning about all things ancient DNA analysis! The workshop, jointly hosted by AMNH and the Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, University of Copenhagen, aims to teach us about bioinformatics pipelines and genomics approaches for aDNA and highly degraded hDNA analysis. 

Day 1 - Intro to aDNA analysis

Today we learned all about aDNA, how it degrades, challenges and considerations for sequencing, and the basics of Unix and shell scripting. We also learned about how aDNA research has developed over the past ~40 years with advancements in modern sequencing technology.  I gave a lightning talk on the third chapter of my PhD research, investigating temporal evolution over a 25-year period in the eastern oyster. We're allowed to enter the museum early and stay late, so I've been spending lots of time exploring the museum!
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Day 2 - Ancient Wolf vs Dog Challenge

We undertook a fun challenge to figure out if a "mystery sample" from northern Russia is more closely related to modern dogs or ancient wolves. My group had a mystery sample that clustered much more closely with ancient wolves, and in particular the Ulakhan Sular ancient wolves (see my ADMIXTURE plot below). The frozen canine, which shared morphological characteristics with both wolves and early dogs, was presumed to be an early ancestor to all modern dogs. 
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Day 3 - Night at the Museum!

After a full day of learning about phylogenetic inference, we had some time to explore the museum after-hours.  The AMNH even re-tweeted me!

Night at the museum 2.0!! Held a giant squid arm, saw a case of inflated caterpillars, found the worlds largest known termite queen, and toured an ancient DNA lab @AMNH. Thanks @entomolrj and @palaeogal for being incredible tour guides! □□ pic.twitter.com/aZQ0Xop9zr

— Madeline Eppley (@MadelineGEppley) March 14, 2024

Day 4 - F-statistics and PCA

We dove deeper on our Ancient "wolf" sample from Day 2 and used F-stats and PCA to better understand how it relates to ancient wolves and modern dogs. See my results below!
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Day 5 - aDNA for Conservation Genomics

I was very excited that the last topic of the workshop was using aDNA for conservation, which relates to many of my research interests. We used a dataset of contemporary and historic (pre-1960s) African rhinos in order to determine if their populations were undergoing genomic erosion and loss of heterozygosity with population decline from sport hunting. Here are the results ... 
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Interestingly, the results (heterozygosity and runs of homozygosity) don't show overwhelming evidence for genomic erosion. As breeding populations become increasingly fractured, these measures may shift over time. This data is from the U. of Copenhagen, credit to Dr. Claudia Fontsere. 
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Copyright Madeline Eppley, 2025

LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge the territory on which Northeastern University’s Marine Science Center stands, which is the land of the Mattakeeset tribe (1) of the Massachuset Nation (2,5) and which has been inhabited by the Pawtucket (3,5) and Naumkeag (4,5) people. We honor and respect these peoples' past, present, and future, their continuing presence in this region, and the enduring relationships that exist between them and these lands. We strive to be mindful of these relationships, and to integrate them into our research, teaching, decision-making, and actions, while also acknowledging that we still have much to learn.   

​Citations:  
1.      
https://www.mattakeeset.com/history   
2.      
https://accessgenealogy.com/massachusetts/massachuset-tribe.htm   
3.      
https://capeannhistory.org/index.php/chapter-5-what-native-people-were-on-cape-ann-at-the-time-of-contact-and-where-did-they-come-from/   
4.      
http://www.salemhistorical.org/massachusetts-indigenous-community-resources
​5.       https://native-land.ca/ 
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